What are common side effects of beta-blockers?

Beta-blockers are primarily used to manage conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, and anxiety by blocking the effects of adrenaline on beta receptors. The correct answer includes common side effects associated with the pharmacological action of beta-blockers.

Fatigue is frequently reported because beta-blockers can slow down heart rate and reduce cardiac output. Cold hands and feet occur due to peripheral vasoconstriction, which is an outcome of reduced sympathetic nervous system activity from beta-blockade. Weight gain may be observed in some patients as a result of metabolic changes and overall decreased physical activity due to fatigue or lethargy. Depression is another significant side effect that can be attributed to the central nervous system effects of beta-blockers, as they may alter mood and anxiety levels in some individuals.

In contrast, the other options mention side effects that are not typically associated with beta-blockers. Increased energy levels and insomnia are more likely to be linked to stimulants, while nausea and vomiting are common adverse effects of different medication classes, such as opioids or chemotherapy agents, rather than beta-blockers. Dry mouth and skin rashes could occur with various medications but are not characteristic of the side effects seen with beta-blockers specifically.

Thus, the symptoms listed in the correct